Nesbit Josiah Willoughby

Posted by Tim Oakley on Saturday 9th of September 2017 19:56

Admiral Sir Nesbit Josiah Willoughby (1777–1849)
He had entered the Royal Navy in 1790 and in 1799 he was lucky to have survived the wreck of the 64-gun HMS Sceptre at Table Bay, at Cape Town, South Africa. She was caught at anchor by a sudden storm and her cables parted. She was driven onto a nearby reef and pounded to destruction. Over 350 of her crew died and there were only 42 survivors. One was Willoughby.
He was to distinguish himself in 1801, as a lieutenant, at the Battle of Copenhagen. Here he boarded the Danish ship Provestein while “under fire from her lower-deck guns ,and with only thirty men, succeeded in keeping possession of her in the most trying circumstances This should have led to greater things but Willoughby was court-martialled for “insolent behaviour” to a senior officer. He seems to have had previous form on this score and as this was a second offence he was dismissed from the service.
When war with France resumed in 1803, following the short-lived peace of Amiens, Willoughby immediately volunteered for service –He soon found himself assigned to the Blockade of Haiti (or “Saint-Domingue” as it was then referred to) which had been almost completely overrun by Haitian forces under the command of the brilliant and ruthless General Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758 – 1806). The remaining French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap Français and Môle-Saint-Nicolas and a few smaller settlements. When war broke out in May 1803, Britain immediately despatched a squadron to eliminate communication between the French outposts and to capture or destroy the French warships based in the colony. Several actions followed and some of the French ships managed to reach Spain. One significant action was when HMS Hercule, on which Willoughby was serving, encountered the French frigate Poursuivante. A spirited action followed but the more nimble Poursuivante managed to escape. In this period the Hercule was caught in a hurricane. Willoughby was in the sick bay at the time but when the fore-topmast was carried away his illness did not stop him going aloft to help clear the wreckage.
By November the French garrison at Cap Français was starving and an agreement was negotiated by them with the Haitians that they could evacuate safely provided they would leave by 1st December. The British blockading force refused the French permission to sail and there was no option but to surrender. A French ship, the Clorinde, that attempted to escape but was almost wrecked but saved by Willoughby, who not only rescued the 900 people on board, but also refloated the vessel.
Action against the Dutch forces on the Caribbean island of Curacoa now followed. A British force was landed and began siege operations which were ultimately to be abandoned as too costly. One of the officers who landed was Willoughby “who had charge of the advanced batteries and, in order to encourage his men under the tremendous fire that was kept up, he took his meals in the most exposed situation. The earth was ploughed up all around him, and one man we believe was killed close to the spot; but still the table and chair of the daring young officer who sat there remained untouched. On one occasion Lieutenant Samuel Perrott R.M. (Royal Marines) was induced to seat himself in the chair; scarcely had he done so when a shot came, took off his left arm, badly wounded the knee upon which it had been resting, and knocked the table to atoms.”
he was later to gain a reputation for taking “a great delight in inflicting punishment”, which was ultimately to lead to another court-martial, in 1808. On this occasion he was acquitted, but with the advice “to be more moderate in future in his language”.
Willoughby had the distinction of the last man to leave Curacao when the British withdrew, just as he had been the first ashore, and he had destroyed one of the main defences, Fort Piscadero, which he had led a storming party to capture. His name next came to prominence in 1807, during the Royal Navy’s successful attempt to run a fleet up the Dardanelles (this operation – which was more successful than the attempt 108 years later – is worth a future blog). Willoughby was now serving on the “74” HMS Ajax and on 14th February, while anchored off the island of Tenedos, just outside the Straits, she caught fire. At the cost of some 250 lives she was to be a total loss. Willoughby distinguished himself in rescuing survivors but suffered burns himself. A few weeks later he was injured in another shore attack, so badly that a surgeon pronounced his wounds to be mortal. “He had been struck by two pistol balls, one of which entered his head in the direction of the brain, where it remained through his lifetime, while the other cut his cheek in two.”
Surviving, and now an acting but not yet confirmed post-captain, Willoughby was appointed to command of the 36-gun ex-French frigate HMS Nereide. In her he was to be involved in the 1809-11 campaign to capture the French island-base of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. Further raids by landing parties – which Willoughby was now well versed in – led to his confirmation as “post”. In one such attack he was however wounded very seriously again –this time when a musket he was firing exploded and shattered his jaw. A complicated series of naval engagements followed – they deserve an article to themselves in due course – but they were to culminate in the disastrous Battle of Grand Port, which was to be the only significant French naval victory in the Napoleonic wars. In the course of it two French frigates, Bellona and Minerve, a corvette, Victor, and two captured East-Indiamen, Windham and Ceylon, trapped four British frigates, Sirius, Iphegenia, Magicienne and Nereide in a bay. Sirius ran aground and was burned to avoid capture, Magicienne was similarly destroyed and Nereide lost main and mizzen masts and was beaten to a wreck before Willoughby surrendered her. Iphigenia almost escaped but was captured when a larger French force arrived.
On Willoughby’s Nereide 222 out of her 281 man crew were dead or wounded. Among the latter was – inevitably – Willoughby himself and he found himself treated in the same room as the wounded French commander, Duperré . Released after the British capture of the island. Willoughby was duly court-martialled for the loss of his ship. He was acquitted with the comment that “the Nereide had been carried into action in a most judicious, officer-like and gallant manner.” Despite this he was not offered a new command.
Willoughby now took the most remarkable step of his career, and entered the phase which is apparently least documented. In 1812 he offered his services to the Russian government and was accepted for service on land rather than at sea. Appointed Colonel, he was soon in action against the invading French and he was taken prisoner “owing to his generosity in giving his horse up to some wounded Russian soldiers, and thus became involved in all the horrors of the retreat from Moscow.” The nature of his subsequent adventures is uncertain – though this writer, Antoine Vanner, is thirsting to find out more. According to the “Annual Register” in the year of his death it was recorded that “at Leipzig had his right arm shattered by cannon shot”. How he came to be involved at this “Battle of Nations” in 1813 must be a dramatic story in his own right.
Willoughby saw some further service in the Royal Navy thereafter and was knighted twice, the second time apparently by accident because the “Sailor King” William IV had forgotten that he was already knighted. (It seems inevitable that such bizarre incidents should continue to feature in Willoughby’s career.) He was advanced to Rear Admiral of the Blue in 1817.

Posted by Brian Stephens on Tuesday 22nd of April 2014 20:57

Rear-adm. Sir N. J. Willoughby.
May 19. In Montagu-street, Portmansquare, after a fortnight's suffering, in his 72d year, Sir Nesbit Josiah Willoughby, Knt. K.C.H., and C.B., Rear-Adtuiral of the White.
This very gallant officer was a son of Robert Willoughby of Cossall and Asplcy hall, Notts, and Cliffe, co. Warwick, a younger branch of the family of Willoughby of Wollaton, now Lord Middleton,and descended from the ancient Barons Willoughby d'Eresby. His mother was Barbara, daughter of James Bruce, of Wester Kinlock, esq. by Janet, daughter of Sir Edward Gibson, of Pintland, Bart, and Barbara, daughter of the Hon. John Moitland, son of the Earl of Lauderdale.
The extent of his services, and the many other claimants upon our space, having already been the cause of our deferring this notice of him, now oblige us to deviate
from our usual plan, and either to refer to the very ample memoirs of his career which will be found in Marshall's Royal Naval Biography, 1828, Suppt. Part II. pp. Ill—195, or to those in the recent work of Mr. O'Byrne.
Suffice it to say that from 1793, three years after he entered the service, to 1811, he was scarcely ever out of action of one kind or another. He was one of the heroes of " Banda," when, as was stated in the Gazette, they " swept the batteries like a whirlwind." He belonged to the Sceptre, when she was lost at the Cape, and the captain, every commissioned officer, and 285 men were drowned ; was the means of saving a French frigate, and the lives of 900 prisoners from the enemy, under General Dessalmes; served with Sir John Duckworth, at the passage of the Dardanelles ; and immortalised himself at the Isle of Bourbon, especially in his unparalleled attack upon a French squadron, in which his ship, the Nereida, was knocked to pieces, and four-fifths of his crew were either killed or wounded, himself being among the latter number. He spared not his own blood, nor that of the enemies of his country, and it is said that more men fell by his hand than by that of any other man living, although he was always as ready to save a vanquished foe as to destroy an enemy.
He was moreover one of the most remarkable examples of an individual escaping the most imminent dangers. He was thrice shipwrecked; once upset in a boat, and kept himself afloat on an oar for 19 hours. He was two years in slavery at Tripoli, and escaped by beating out the brains of two Moors, and swimming on board a French ship in the bay, lying two mites from the shore. He entered the harbour of the Isle of France with a single frigate, and cut out two rich ships, though opposed by 60 pieces of cannon. He was 11 times wounded with balls, three with splinters, and was cut in every part of his body with sabres and tomahawks ; his face was disfigured by explosions of gunpowder, and he lost an eye and had part of his neck and jaw shot away. When unemployed he joined the Russian army under Kutuzoff, and was made a Colonel; he was thrice wounded, and at Leipzig had his right arm shattered by a cannon shot. Amongst sailors in his day he was called " Trte Immortal;" at any rate, he seems to have possessed more lives than a cat with all the courage of a British lion.
Sir Nesbit was a Lieutenant of 180.'!, Commander of 1808, Captain of 1810, and Rear Admiral of the Blue 1817. He was made a Companion of the Bath in 1815, was knighted by King George the Fourth

Posted by Alan Cohen on Friday 1st of June 2012 13:53

born 1777 died 19 May 1849 in London